LCN2 and vascular dementia: Further, LCN2 mediates hippocampal damage in a model of vascular dementia (VaD) [12] and high CSF LCN2 levels were reported to be a promising diagnostic biomarker for VaD [13], whereas decreased levels of CSF LCN2 were found in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD [14].