TNF and neoplasm: In a study relevant to this malignancy, they utilized the TNF-α and IL-2 expressing Onc.Ad-TNF-α/IL-2 oncolytic virus combining with Mesotheline (meso)-specific CAR-T cells containing 4–1 BB endodomain improved the efficiency of the anti-tumor activity of the CAR-T cells (in comparison with using it alone) in mouse models.