TNF and infection: A KEGG pathway analysis revealed induction of classic pro-inflammatory pathways such as TNF signaling, TLR receptor signaling, and chemokine signaling by infection, all of which were depleted by itaconate and DI treatment (S8 Fig). Taken together, these results revealed strong anti-IFN and anti-inflammatory effects of itaconate and DI, but also suggested that they exert other important effects on cell metabolism and differentiation, some of which differ between the compounds.