PPARG and colitis: Therefore, HS administration activated epithelial PPAR-γ by increasing the abundance of butyrate-producing microbes and the production of butyrate which participates in the metabolic reprogramming of colonocytes, decreases colonocyte oxygenation during colitis, and thus maintains colonocyte hypoxia (Figure 7(a-b), DSS+H2), thereby promoting the transition from a dysbiotic community to a homeostatic community in the colonic lumen of mice with colitis.