Household solid-fuel combustion produces relatively high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have been recognised as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, compromising endocrine system processes involving growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors.11 Children living in households using solid cookfuels are also more likely to develop acute respiratory infections.9 Repeated episodes of respiratory infections can impair growth, through increased metabolic requirements, anorexia and reduced dietary intake, increased catabolism and deranged metabolism of key nutrients.8 This evidence concerns the gene INS and respiratory tract infectious disorder.