Indeed, previous evidence has shown that the GLP-1 receptor agonist Ex4, a known neuroprotective agent (Mandal et al., 2018), suppresses TLR4 signaling (Ajay et al., 2011), and modulates memory formation (Oka et al., 1999), which are heavily involved in cocaine addiction (Hyman et al., 2006). Here, TLR4 is linked to cocaine dependence.