The tumor immune microenvironment of ESCC has been reported to be in an immunosuppressive state dominated by exhausted T and natural killer (NK) cells.32 In the present study, there were few tumor-infiltrating immune cells before treatment; however, a significant increase in tumor-infiltrating CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+ lymphocytes was observed after therapy. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.