This may be due to several limitations, including cancer-associated immunosuppression, resulting in: (i) inadequate B cell activation signals to trigger mature antibody production, (ii) generation of antibodies with low affinity to antigens, and (iii) expression of immature and inactive antibody isotypes (e.g. IgM, IgG4, IgA1), influencing antibody engagement and activation of immune effector cells against cancer. Here, IGHA1 is linked to cancer.