TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Such cytokines are categorized as Th2-like cytokines (IL-4, -5, -9, -13), growth factors EGP and TGF-β, chemokines (eotaxin, MCP-1 and RANTES) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), whereas neutrophil chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines play a vital role in the case of COPD [71,72].