DMD and neuromuscular disease caused by qualitative or quantitative defects of dystrophin: Furthermore, a recent study of dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy in miniature poodles harbouring a large deletion on the X chromosome (with loss of the entire DMD gene) reported learning difficulties and episodes of abnormal behaviour potentially compatible with a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by brain dystrophin deficiency (Sanchez et al., 2018).