SOX4 and glioblastoma: In this study, SMURF2Thr249 phosphorylation controlled the stemness, invasiveness, and tumorigenicity of GSCs by modulating the TGFBR-SMAD-SOX4 molecular axis, contributing to gliomagenesis (Fig. 5f), and downregulating SMURF2Thr249 phosphorylation in human GBM tissues as well as human GBM patient-derived GSCs.