Other studies have shown a renoprotective role of linagliptin in animal models by modifying different signaling pathways (collagen type I homeostasis, HNRNPA1, YB-1, thymosin β4 and TGF- β1 and apolipoprotein C1), which could be also involved in the beneficial effect in COVID-19 patients63,64. The gene discussed is APOC1; the disease is COVID-19.