NRP1 and infection: In line with this observation, evidence from porcine animal models demonstrated that infection with the highly prevalent porcine respiratory coronavirus increases the lung sensibility to LPS (Van Gucht et al. 2006).We also explored the effect of a recombinant Spike (Spike E), which lacks the binding domain of NRP-1 (C-terminal peptide 682Arg-Arg-Ala-Arg685 of the S1 subunit), which is a host cell receptor reportedly able to bind Spike and to promote virus entry and infectivity (Cantuti-Castelvetri et al. 2020; Daly et al. 2020).