Gene mutations and methylation analyzed by pyrosequencing included those for CDKN2A, RASSF1A, LINE1, KRAS, BRAF, and GNAS, which have been investigated in IPMN or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma11,17,37–40. This evidence concerns the gene GNAS and pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm.