Among them, C32 (CD56+, CD16+, CD57−, CD28−) and C27 (CD56+, CD16+, CD57+, CD28−) increased in PD patients compared to those in HCs, and both increased in patients with LOPD compared to those in EHCs (Fig. 3a, b, f, g). The gene discussed is CD28; the disease is Parkinson disease.