TGFB1 and myocardial infarction: A consistent effect was observed in vivo, as hearts subjected to MI and treated with the anti-BMP1.3 antibody showed reduced levels of Tgfβ expression, reduced phospho-Smad2 accumulation in fibroblast nuclei within the scar, and reduced expression of the TGFβ target genes Col1a, Lox, Ctgf and Fn (Fig. 2f, g).