Among the top significantly upregulated gene sets were the Hallmark Androgen Response pathway within the Hallmark gene set collection (Supplementary Data 5) as well as androgen response pathways, estrogen pathways, insulin signaling pathway, and Kegg pathways in cancer within the C2CP gene set collection (FDR q < 0.1, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) (Fig. 4d)42–44. Here, INS is linked to cancer.