Overall, compared to club cells from normal samples, PCa-club cells exhibited downregulation of genes including lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and a growth-inhibitory cytokine SCGB3A140,41 and upregulation of LTF, AR, and AR downstream members including KLK3, KLK2, ACPP, and NKX3-1 (Fig. 3b), which we hypothesized could be driven by the enrichment of one or more specific club cell states in the PCa samples. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.