To confirm that HIV adherence was dependent upon CR3, as well as to determine the potential biological significance of this interaction as it relates to HIV infection in females, we performed competitive fluorometric adherence assays in which HIV adherence to Pex and to CHO-CR3 cells was comparatively evaluated in the presence and absence of the CR3 I-domain-blocking drug carbamazepine (Fig. 3) (54). Here, CRIPTO3 is linked to HIV infectious disease.