Multiple risk factors of atherosclerosis, such as high glucose, elevated free fatty acids (FFA) and triglyceride (TG), can increase ROS production via activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX1-5, p22phox, p47phox), inhibiting NOS and suppressing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, and then by further amplifying oxidative stress in macrophages, ECs and adipocytes and accelerating the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [45,46,47,48]. The gene discussed is GAPDH; the disease is atherosclerosis.