When looking at the hippocampus, TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 expression levels were found similarly depressed (p < 0.05) in the 3-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, but all were upregulated at 9 months (TNF-α, 2-fold, p < 0.01; IL-1β, 2.4-fold, p < 0.01; HMGB1, 2.1-fold, p < 0.05; and IL-6, 1.5-fold; p < 0.01). Here, IL6 is linked to Alzheimer disease.