As human and Xenopus Arhgef3.2 display high sequence homology, it will be interesting to see whether Bmp has a transcriptional regulatory role for human Arhgef3 as well and whether in human cells activin/TGF-beta/Fgf signaling modifies its physiological functions, leading us to define a common mechanism in understanding its role in cancer cells as well. Here, ECT2L is linked to cancer.