There was a noticeable increase in cytoplasmic HuR levels in response to 2% CSE (4 h) in HLFs derived from non-smoker (Figure 8C) and COPD (Figure 8D), suggesting that acute cigarette smoke exposure induces translocation of HuR to the cytoplasm of primary HLFs. The gene discussed is ELAVL1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.