NDRG1 and pachyonychia congenita: Although the molecular mechanisms that lead NDRG1-deficient PC cells to increased invasiveness remain largely unknown, it has been shown that NDRG1-deficient prostate tumors have decreased integrin expression and reduced cell adhesion and motility, likely due to downregulation of active RhoA and Rac1 GTPases, as well the concurrent upregulation of active Cdc42 [35].