RAPGEF3 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: In recent studies, EPAC1 was reported to be involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of leukemic cells: EPAC1 expressed in human B-cell CLL (B-CLL) and human B-cell ALL (B-ALL) as well as the EPAC1 agonist reduced B-CLL apoptosis via the EPAC1/Rap1 pathway—this suggests that EPAC1 signalling played an anti-apoptotic role and enhanced cell survival in B-CLL and B-ALL [71].