TNF and IgE responsiveness, atopic: The processed allergen then activates the pattern recognition receptors in the nasal epithelium, triggering a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, including the recruitment of inflammatory cells (such as eosinophils, basophils and mast cells) and release of different allergic inflammation-related cytokines such as IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α [22].