MMP2 and melanoma: During this process, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenesis gene, plays a pivotal role in promoting the expressions of antimetasis MMP-2 and MMP-9 by binding to VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and signaling extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt to promote survival, growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of melanoma cells [18,19,20].