INS and metabolic disease: CVD risk factors either individually and/or additively contribute to increased mortality risk via (i) decreased insulin sensitivity and increased insulin resistance, (ii) unfavorable blood lipids and lipoproteins, (iii) obesity/overweight, (iv) inflammatory responses, (v) elevated blood pressure, (vi) increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic tone, and (vii) metabolic disorders [38,39,40].