Specifically, this includes the characterization of the effects of UFPs on neuroinflammatory responses in human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived microglia, assessment of AD-related phenotypes in patient-derived olfactory mucosal cells, and identification of UFP exposure on neurotoxicity and development of AD in in vitro brain organoids [51] and mouse models (5XFAD, APP/PS1). Here, APP is linked to Alzheimer disease.