INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In summary, our present findings showed that intervention with P3G in mice fed a HFD resulted in the improvement in obesity-associated symptoms (excess fat accumulation and liver steatosis), insulin resistance, hepatic lipid metabolism (ChREBP, FAS ,and Acox1), and inflammation (IL-6 and IL-1β) compared to the mice solely fed a HFD.