HEPACAM and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Astrocytes derived from transgenic animals and human U251 astrocytoma cell lines engineered to express WT or mutant MLC1 revealed that this protein takes part in a multiprotein complex including several proteins involved in water/ion homeostasis at the BBB compartment (GlialCAM, ClC-2, Na,K-ATPase, Kir4.1, AQP4, TRPV4, LRRC8, V-ATPase, Cx43, and Cav-1), [99,101,102,103,104,105,106,107] and that MLC1/GlialCAM mutations affect astrocytic ion/fluid exchanges and volume rescue following cell swelling induced by hyposmotic stress [92,108], (Figure 1 and Figure 3).