STAT3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In addition, IL-6/Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT3 signaling also induces PD-L1 expression in EGFR-mutant NSCLC [77], whereas the PI3K-AKT pathway is involved in PD-L1 upregulation in NSCLC with ALK fusion [75] (Figure 1).