Although not in cancer, it is interesting to note that TGF-β1-treatment of human primary fibroblasts resulted in the upregulation of both miR-3182 and miR-4448, compared to untreated fibroblasts, suggesting their involvement in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis [62], a condition associated with an increased risk of developing lung cancer [63]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.