HBV, hepatitis B virus infection; HCV, hepatitis C virus infection; NBNC, non-hepatitis B non-hepatitis C infection; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Cr, creatinine; AFP, α-fetoprotein; PIVKA-II; protein induced by vitamin K absence-II; OR, objective response; RDI, relative dose intensity; MTA, molecular-targeted agents; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; AE, adverse event; CH, chronic hepatitis; LC, liver cirrhosis; PD, progressive disease; RFA, radiofrequency ablation. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is chronic hepatitis.