ESR1 and breast carcinoma: On a molecular basis, IL-1β was found to induce the onset of epithelial–mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells via IL-1β/IL-1RI/β-catenin signaling, which leads to the methylation of ERα gene promoter and the consequent ERα downregulation and tamoxifen resistance in a PI3K/AKT/TWIST-dependent way [110].