A translational study provided preclinical evidence that treatment of patients with stage I NSCLC with SBRT transformed peripheral CD8+ T cells into activated T cells and increased the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) but downregulated the production of transforming growth factor (TGF) -β in CD4+ T cells [39]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma.