CXCL12 and pancreatic neoplasm: NOX-A12 has synergized with PD-1 blockade by enhancing T-cell infiltration in preclinical models [87], leading to an exploratory phase 1B study with a small cohort of 11 colorectal and 9 pancreatic cancer patients, where a combination of NOX-A12 with the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab induced T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses and prolonged disease stabilization in a minority of patients, supporting previous findings that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is important in immune evasion in pancreatic cancer [88].