CCL2 and neoplasm: Numerous studies have documented that signalling pathways in endothelial cells such as STAT3 signalling [60], Notch1 signalling [61], calcineurin-NFAT signalling [62] and CCR2/CCL2 signalling [42, 63] modulate the expression of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, which are, at least in part, responsible for adhesion and invasion of tumour cells in the PMN.