TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: TNFA induces its own secretion as well as the production of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thus plays a central role in several autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, psoriasis (PS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) [11–13].