Indeed, previous studies have shown inflammatory mechanisms contribute greatly to aortic wall remodeling presented with activated T cells and macrophages in aortic specimens in patients with aneurysms or dissections (30) and a series of inflammatory makers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, IL-8, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α and natural killer, B cells were elevated in the peripheral blood of AAD patients (31). Here, TNF is linked to aneurysm.