For instance, the lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 has been discovered to regulate PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in the TME of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and its expression was positively associated with PD-1 (Tang et al., 2017; Tchekneva et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene AFAP1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.