TNF and vitiligo: In addition, vitamin D can also inhibit the autoimmune pathway in the pathogenesis of vitiligo by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and tumor necrosis factor γ (TNF-γ), regulating the mature differentiation and activation of dendritic cells and inhibiting antigen presentation (51).