TNF and Hyperglycemia: Certain species of probiotics like lactobacilli possess potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity that prevents the breakdown of complex carbohydrates and reduces postprandial hyperglycemia (38), while other bacteria like Firmicutes are usually involved in the transport of nutrients and facilitates the absorption and fermentation of SCFA, which are essential for maintaining insulin sensitivity (39) and reducing local inflammation by regulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines as TNF-α and IL-6 through the activation of macrophages and dendritic cells (40).