CCL2 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: This phenotype, that is also known as a pulmonary hypertension fibroblast (PHFib), was characterized by high expression levels of canonical pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), macrophage chemo-attractant cytokines CCL2 (MCP-1), CXCL12 (SDF-1), CCL5 (RANTES), macrophage growth factor (GM-CSF), CD40L and VCAM-1, contributing to M2 macrophage subtype polarization.