Furthermore, during inflammation, components on the membrane of RBCEVs, including cholesterol (induces inflammation reaction), iron and myeloperoxidase (catalyst and source of ROS production, respectively), hemoglobin (activates pro-inflammatory transcription factor), and phospholipase A2 (hydrolyzes phospholipid, resulting in inflammatory mediator production), may cause vascular inflammation, leading to coronary heart disease (21, 125–127). Here, MPO is linked to inflammation.