However, some studies also suggested that Lactobacillus can induce macrophages to secrete proinflammation cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α (Rocha-Ramírez et al., 2017), and the abundance of Lactobacillus increased in autoimmune hepatitis (Wei et al., 2020) and Crohn’s disease (Wang et al., 2014; Effenberger et al., 2021). Here, TNF is linked to Crohn disease.