TLR3 and rheumatoid arthritis: Notably, TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation of patients with active RA has been documented to increase the levels of NLRP3, pyroptosis, and IL-1β released from whole blood cells (186), This is consistent with previous reports demonstrating that RA associated monocytes can release IL-1β through NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis (187).