TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: C1q in the serum of RA patients has been shown to promote the binding of pentaxin 3 (PTX3) to CD14 monocytes, resulting in the lysis of gasdermin D (GSDMD), activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, swelling of cells into bullae, and ultimate release of caspase-1, TNF-α, IL -6, and IL-1β concurrently to promote pyroptosis (189).