ADSL and infection: To further study the link between TGF-ß signaling activity and expression of AMPs following infection with axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora nematodes, we used qRT-PCR and gene-specific primers to determine the expression levels of Diptericin, Cecropin, Drosomycin, and Metchnikowin in D. melanogaster daw and dpp mutants.