TNF and leukoplakia: Also in a meta-analysis, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1α were found to be increased in oral cancer compared to HC and leukoplakia and were suggested as cancer biomarkers (137) In our study, the significant differences between HC and BD-MQ is an important finding to be able to differentiate the levels of cytokines present in “normal” saliva content and orally asymptomatic BD patients saliva.