TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Butyric acid reduces the nuclear NF-κB activity, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and lung tissue neutrophil infiltration by inhibiting the expression of high mobility group protein 1, TLR4, or histone deacetylase to reduce sepsis-related ALI (Li et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019; Parada Venegas et al., 2019).