In the acute phase of sepsis, macrophages polarize into the M1 phenotype to activate TLRs or other recognition receptors due to impaired intestinal barrier function, bacterial translocation, and increased inflammation (Osterberg et al., 1997), releasing a variety of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is Sepsis.