Factors in T2DM pathogenesis impact HCC initiation and progression, including insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) related factors (55, 56), proinflammatory cytokines (57), oxidative stress (58), gut microbiota dysbiosis (8, 59), angiogenesis (60), cell apoptosis (61), autophagy (62), which are summarized in Table 1. Here, IGF1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.